Hoogendoom WE, Van Poppel MN, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Lex M. Physical load during work and leisure time as risk factors for back pain. 2016;21:827. Jha S, Moran P, Blackwell A, Greenham H. Integrated care pathways: the way forward for continence services? Parsons M, Senior H, Kerse N, Chen MH, Jacobs S, Vanderhoorn S, et al. 2009;361:23013. 4 During the height of desegregation in the 1970s and 1980s, dropout rates decreased for minority students, with the greatest decline in dropout rates occurring in districts that had undergone the largest reductions in Davies SL, Goodman C, Bunn F, Victor C, Dickinson A, Iliffe S, et al. It aims to provide a seamless, better coordinated and . PubMedGoogle Scholar. While virtual reality (VR) technology can provide students with first-hand and situational learning experiences, limited studies have integrated VR in a K-12 classroom, resulting in the lack of understanding of the benefits and challenges of VR use in classroom settings. There have been calls for greater clarity regarding precisely how integration may impact on outcomes [5]. Gravelle Hugh DM, Rod S, Penny S, Ruth B, Pickard S. Impact of case management (Evercare) on frail elderly patients: controlled before and after analysis of quantitative outcome data. Double counting was avoided by noting where included primary studies were also contained in included systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. Tucker S, Baldwin R, Hughes J, Benbow SM, Barker A, Burns A, et al. Shifting the balance of care: great expectations. 2010;56:e209. Case management for elderly patients at risk of hospital admission: a team approach. Blewett LA, Owen RA. (DOCX 197 kb), Table S1. Some authors highlighted the continuance of varied pre-existing governance arrangements following integration of organisations, with progress on new models often reported to be particularly limited in the areas of budgets, financial, and contracting mechanisms [187]. For studies using comparative design we considered sources of potential bias based on the Cochrane criteria (selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, detection bias, reporting bias) [14]. One hundred sixty seven studies were eligible for inclusion. Martinussen M, Adolfsen F, Lauritzen C, Richardson A. In Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems ad prospects. Theodoridou A, Hengartner M, Gairing S, Jager M, Ketteler D, Kawohl W, et al. J Am Geriatr Soc. Authors did not make links between the context and outcomes of initiatives, apart from reported issues regarding staff training and retention in social care [38]. Ahmed F, Mays N, Ahmed N, Bisognano M, Gottlieb G. Can the accountable care organization model facilitate integrated care in England? Hajewski CJ, Shirey MR. Care coordination: a model for the acute care hospital setting. London: National Audit Office; 2017. Canad J Aging. Reforming healthcare systems on a locally integrated basis: is there a potential for increasing collaborations in primary healthcare? We then compared this to the strength of evidence ratings assigned to the included studies as a whole. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court declared in its landmark unanimous decision, Brown v. Board of Education, that . 2013;13:262. 2011;15(2):3943. Symbols highlighted in grey are from UK studies using a higher quality comparative design. Stewart MJ, Georgiou A, Westbrook JI. Foreign investment in the global economy As studies from the (OECD, Council of Economic Advisers, World Bank) and other government institutions and individual economists have shown, scores of countries around the world have achieved higher economic growth and incomes by adopting . Brawer PA, Martielli R, Pye PL, Manwaring J, Tierney A. St. Louis initiative for integrated care excellence (SLI(2)CE): integrated-collaborative care on a large scale model. BMC Health Serv Res. (Ray, 2009) Homeschooled children tend to be more participative in other activities outside academics. Reporting was poor in around a third of the studies, making it difficult to judge the extent of possible selective reporting. Additional file 2: Table S1 details the number of studies reporting each outcome, with each study (or papers from the same study) represented by either a plus + meaning that the study reported an increase for this outcome, or a plus/minus sign meaning that the study reported no significant change for this outcome, or a minus sign - meaning that the study reported a reduction for this outcome. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. London: Imperial College; 2013. This is what exactly called Ethnography. Article Improving interprofessional collaboration in a community setting: relationships with burnout, engagement and service quality. London: Kings Fund; 2008. 2014;26:56170. Palliat Med. Holistic is one of the advantages that is used during . 2016;2:120816. J Integr Care. 2007;134:1205. Instructional time spent on elementary social studies has waned in the context of high stakes testing of math and English Language Arts. Lancet Neurol. 1 for a diagram illustrating the study selection process. Choo T, Deb S, Wilkins J, Atiomo W. Evaluating the impact of the reconfiguration of gynaecology services at a university hospital NHS trust in the United Kingdom. Med J Aust. Kuhlmann AS, Gavin L, Galavotti C. The integration of family planning with other health services: a literature review. Three outcomes appeared to offer stronger evidence of effect: firstly, that integrated care leads to increased patient satisfaction; secondly, that integration increases perceived quality of care; and thirdly, that integrated care increases patient access to services. We found weaker UK-only evidence in three studies for the likelihood of care meeting patient preferences (predominantly end of life decisions) [20, 39, 65] with no included international studies evaluating this outcome. Can Fam Physician. Rittenhouse DR, Shortell SM, Fisher ES. A retrospective analysis. BMJ. 2013;37:115763. Cost-effectiveness of a multicondition collaborative care intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Google Scholar. Reporting strength by volume of studies (vote counting) may be imperfect, primarily indicating where there has been research activity. Hub-and-spoke integration. 2008;22:58797. An observational study of community mental health teams for older people in England. Is case management effective in reducing the risk of unplanned hospital admissions for older people? Petticrew M, Rehfuess E, Noyes J, Higgins J, Mayhew A, Pantoja T, et al. Triple aim in Kinzigtal, Germany: improving population health, integrating health care and reducing costs of care -- lessons for the UK? Outcome evaluation of a randomized trial of the PhoenixCare intervention: program of case management and coordinated care for the seriously chronically ill. J Palliat Med. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. ICT in Social Studies ICT integration in social studies was expressed as 'a sleeping giant' by Martorella (1997), because social studies classrooms have not adopted ICT as much as other Decent Essays. Economic integration may be defined as a form of International co-operation among nations to Foster their economic interests. 1999;25:38743. 3.2. J Clin Epidemiol. Richings C, Cook R, Roy A. Windle K, Wagland R, Forder J, DAmico F, Janssen D, Wistow G. National Evaluation of partnerships for older people projects, final report. Khanna N, Shaya F, Chirikov V, Steffen B, DisVonk-Okhuijsen SY SD, Tjan-Heijnen VG, Verhagen AF, et al. The extraction form collected data on: first author/year; study design; sample size; population characteristics (type of group, condition/department, sex, age, other details reported); context; data collection method; outcome measures; type and details of the intervention; summary of results; main author conclusions; reported associations; and potential factors relating to applicability. 2012;2:3017. Critical connections between subjects are made, creating more holistic learning Higher numbers of skill repetition in a more interesting way. Another disadvantage is that social studies can be perceived as dry and boring by some students. Early effects of guided care on the quality of health care for multimorbid older persons: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Completed PRISMA checklist. At an organisational level for example reduced activity in one sector may mean financial losses. 2012;69:50614. Figure4 summaries the types of patients and conditions in the studies included in the review. Article A systematic review of integrated working between care homes and health care services. Mason A, Goddard M, Weatherly H, Chalkley M. Integrating funds for health and social care: an evidence review. BMC Health Serv Res. 1035 Words. Curriculum development describes how a training or teaching organization plans and guides learning. Int J Integrat Care. 2009;23:34154. Thirty five studies were carried out in primary care/community contexts, 24 studies were carried out solely in hospital settings, and two were carried out in nursing homes. Five included (non-comparator) UK intervention studies reported that access to services in the community and/or specialists/intermediate care had increased [35, 41, 59, 72, 73]. Available at: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Health-and-social-care-integration.pdf. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/5yfv-web.pdf. Soljak M, Cecil E, Gunn L, Broddle A, Hamilton S, Tahir A, et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.259. Int J Social Welfare. Indications of improved access may have important implications for services struggling to cope with increasing demand. Online sources were searched for UK grey literature, and citation searching, and manual reference list screening were also carried out. Deep learning engages the whole student (and teacher) -- heart, mind, body, and soul. JAMA Intern Med. Child: Care, Health Devel. Pettie JM, Dow MA, Sandilands EA, Thanacoody HK, Bateman DN. 2012;5:5962. Hammar T, Rissanen P, Perl M. The cost-effectiveness of integrated home care and discharge practice for home care patients. We identified diverse and frequently contradictory outcomes for models of integrated care reported in the included literature. 2015;20(3):17788. Despite the small percentage that found disadvantages with interdisciplinary teaming, overall, students felt that working in teams beyond their own grade level gave them a sense of community and that by keeping a journal and making portfolios, they gained a sense of personal growth. Matern Child Health J. Integration could be used in a variety of ways, including to describe interventions which related to enhanced care or quality assurance but did not include staff working in new ways. 2010;56:116674. The impact of integrated care on direct nursing home care. 2008;16:414. Analysis indicated evidence of perceived improved quality of care, evidence of increased patient satisfaction, and evidence of improved access to care. Grant MJ, Booth A. The effect of integrated care initiatives in older adult populations echoed the strength rating for all studies, with reports of increased access and patient satisfaction, and inconsistency in regard to admissions, emergency admissions, length of stay, patient contacts/service usage, and costs. MacLean A, Fuller RM, Jaffrey EG, Hay AJ, Ho-Yen DO. 2006;25:542. Healthcare systems around the world have been responding to the demand for better integrated models of service delivery. Fam Pract. We therefore used comparator labels (stronger versus weaker), to provide a relative evaluation of strength. 2012;25:519. Health Soc Care Comm. The UK before and after/longitudinal studies demonstrated similar issues regarding blinding, with only one study clearly reporting that outcome assessors were blinded [66]. 2010;19:3907. c Running head: COMPARISON MATRIX Comparison of Social Studies Learning Suzanne Dellinger EED 463 Grand Canyon University October 29 2010 Comparison of Social Studies Learning | | PROs |CONs | |Integrated Social Studies Learning |Social studies learning integrates knowledge |Could not locate any viable information through| 2008;22:14551. The potentially positive outcome of increasing ease of access for patients, also offers contradictory effects. Brown RS, Peikes D, Peterson G, SchoreJ RCM. Smith E, Ross FM. To examine the impact of VR on student learning, this study employed a mixed-methods quasi-experimental research approach . It is argued that increased service integration will enable the achievement of a financially sustainable health and social care system in the NHS by 2020. 2006;9:11126. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;45:176382. Battersby M, Harvey P, Mills PD, Kalucy E, Pols RG, Frith PA, et al. All available data can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author. Country of origin and design of the included studies. Pediatrics. Guerrero EG, Aarons GA, Palinkas LA. But besides there is some disadvantages that the researcher have to go through such as interviewer effect and invasion of privacy. It has been argued that growing financial and service pressures in the UK National Health Service (NHS) cannot be tackled without transforming how health and social care are delivered. J Health Serv Res Policy. Our protocol allowed for meta-analysis if heterogeneity permitted. Article A controlled trial of the multi-disciplinary doctor-nurse practitioner (MDNP) model. 2014;22:6270. Homer CJ, Klatka K, Romm D, Kuhlthau K, Bloom S, Newacheck P, et al. Service evaluation of an integrated assessment and treatment service for people with intellectual disability with behavioural and mental health problems. A decade on: has the use of integrated care pathways made a difference in Lanarkshire? As with the UK comparative design studies, none met all the criteria for reduction of potential bias. Mention and explain the types of Economic Integration; State the advantages of economic integration; Identify the disadvantages of economic integration. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Completed quality appraisals. Health Quart. Health and social care integration. 2013;28:61221. Six features of Medicare coordinated care demonstration programs that cut hospital admissions of high-risk patients. A quasi-experimental study of the effects of an integrated care intervention for the frail elderly on informal caregivers' satisfaction with care and support. Weaver FM, Hickey EC, Hughes SL, Parker V, Fortunato D, Rose J, et al. Levelt E, Thwaites B, Yadegarfar G. Integrated care pathway for acute coronary syndromes: does it help? BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;21:11328. Only two had utilised some form of random allocation to condition [44, 49], with allocation concealment not possible due to the nature of the intervention. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.996. We also acknowledge a potential issue of publication bias, with studies reporting less positive outcomes potentially under-represented in the review. 2010;24(8):82838. Hawthorne G, Grzebalski DK. We selected an appropriate review method to fulfil the three requirements of: examination of multiple types of integrated care initiatives and service delivery outcomes; inclusion of studies of varying designs across the hierarchy of evidence; and learning most applicable to the UK NHS context. Qual Prim Care. 2008;152:31520. Int J Integr Care. Royal College of Nursing: Edinburgh; 2011. In May 2017 we conducted a citation search to identify any literature published subsequent to the formal bibliographic searches. Ryan T, Hatfield B, Sharma I. Outcomes of referrals over a six-month period to a mental health gateway team. Integrated complex care coordination for children with medical complexity: a mixed-methods evaluation of tertiary care-community collaboration. Int J Integr Care. Integrated team working: a literature review. Cite this article. . All 11 systematic reviews reporting this outcome concluded that the evidence suggested a positive effect on patient satisfaction [13, 82, 85, 86, 92, 99, 102, 110, 111, 114, 184]. In contrast to the wider evidence base however, the evidence on patients described as having complex needs, suggested a stronger indication of positive outcomes in terms of reduced admissions and emergency department use, and weaker strength of evidence regarding reduced length of stay. 2008;25:7882. Google Scholar. The completed checklists are available as Additional file 1. Diabetic Med. Contact Dermatitis. The integrated implementation of two end-of-life care tools in nursing care homes in the UK: an in-depth evaluation. Evidence regarding the following outcomes was rated as inconsistent: number of clinician contacts (five indicated a reduction, and three an increase); number of GP appointments (two UK studies reported a reduction and another UK study no difference); length of stay (24 studies reported a reduction, two studies found an increase, and 11 no effect); unscheduled admissions (10 studies found a reduction, two an increase; and nine no effect); number of admissions (24 studies found a reduction, five reported an increase, and nine no effect) although considered alone the systematic reviews provided stronger evidence of a reduction; re-admissions (nine studies, with eight from the same authors reported no effect, two studies found an increase and two a reduction); attendance at accident and emergency (nine studies found a reduction, two an increase and eight no effect); quality of care standards (two studies reported an increase and one no difference); and staff work experience (two reviews of UK studies indicated improved experience, and one international study indicated no difference). 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